Arthur Rudolph managed the Saturn V program at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, a cornerstone of America’s lunar achievements. A German-American engineer who came to the U.S. through Operation Paperclip, he also worked on the Pershing missile program. His departure from the United States in 1984, after renouncing his citizenship amid allegations of using forced labor at the Mittelwerk rocket facility in Nazi Germany, marked a controversial end to an otherwise groundbreaking career in aerospace engineering.